Finding Your Way With Telepresence

Sensor Technologies

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First published on August 24, 2025. Last updated on August 24, 2025.

Since there have been many books written on various sensor technologies, only a high level survey will be provided here.

Microphones and Speakers

Microphones and audio speakers are one of the earliest categories of technologies used for telepresence to transmit remote sensations. Microphones are used for audio inputs.

Speakers are used for people to hear the audio sensations collected by microphones. If sufficiently powerful, speakers can also be used for tactile use to feel transmitted vibrations.

Camera

Cameras are used for visual inputs. Projectors are used for visual outputs and speakers are used for audio outputs. There are many varieties of these.

Others

However, there are other input/output technologies. For example sonic sensors can perceive distance that can be expressed via audio “pings”. Haptic technologies can perceive and render tactile sensations. Human controlled “robot” arms are an input technology in terms of control and an output technology as regards the remote environment that have manipulation capabilities. If a human operator can feel what the robot arms feels, then the the robot arm sensors are an input device and the means of communicating sense to the human is an output technology.

COURSE

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